How is perceived social support linked to life satisfaction for individuals with substance-use disorders? The mediating role of resilience and positive affect

This study was designed to analyze how perceived social support is correlated with life satisfaction through mediators of resilience and positive affect. A total of 397 Chinese individuals with substance-use disorders were asked to complete the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Structural Equation-Modeling (SEM) results indicated that resilience fully mediated the relationship between perceived social support and life satisfaction and also revealed that the paths from social support through resilience and positive affect to life satisfaction were significant, although positive affect was not found to mediate the link between social support and life satisfaction. Finally, a multiple group analysis indicated that females with high resilience scores were more likely to exhibit greater positive affect than males. This study offers a practical application for health professionals seeking to implement effective interventions and improve the well-being of individuals with substance-use disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Similar content being viewed by others

Social support enhances the mediating effect of psychological resilience on the relationship between life satisfaction and depressive symptom severity

Validating the generic quality of life tool “QOL10” in a substance use disorder treatment cohort exposes a unique social construct

Is Resilience the Bridge Connecting Social and Family Factors to Mental Well-Being and Life Satisfaction?

References

• Afifi, T. O., & MacMillan, H. L. (2011). Resilience following child maltreatment: A review of protective factors. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 266–272. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52(3), 317–332. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Ambriz, M. G. J., Izal, M., & Montorio, I. (2012). Psychological and social factors that promote positive adaptation to stress and adversity in the adult life cycle. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(5), 833–848. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 15–38. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. (2003). AMOS 5.0 update to the AMOS user’s guide. Chicago: Smallwaters. Google Scholar
• Ashton, W. A., & Fuehrer, A. (1993). Effects of gender and gender role identification of participant and type of social support resource on support seeking. Sex Roles, 28(7/8), 461–476. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Atadokht, A., Hajloo, N., Karimi, M., & Narimani, M. (2015). The role of family expressed emotion and perceived social support in predicting addiction relapse. International Journal of High-Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 4(1), e21250. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Bahr, S. J., Hawks, R. D., & Wang, G. (1993). Family and religious influences on adolescent substance abuse. Youth & Society, 24(4), 443–465. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality & Individual Differences, 93(4), 63–67. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence. Chicago: Rand McNally. Google Scholar
• Belle, D. (1982). The stress of caring: Women as providers of social support. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 496–505). New York: Free Press. Google Scholar
• Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Leffert, N., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (1999). A fragile foundation: The state of developmental assets among American youth. Minneapolis: Search Institute. Google Scholar
• Best, D., Beckwith, M., Haslam, C., Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., Mawson, E., & Lubman, D. I. (2016). Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: The social identity model of recovery (SIMOR). Addiction Research & Theory, 24(2), 111–123. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Bing, E. G., Burnam, M. A., Longshore, D., Fleishman, J. A., Sherbourne, C. D., London, A. S., Turner, B. J., Eggan, F., Beckman, R., Vitiello, B., Morton, S. C., Orlando, M., Bozzette, S. A., Ortiz-Barron, L., & Shapiro, M. (2001). Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(8), 721–728. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Bell, R. (2013). The buffering effect of resilience upon stress, anxiety and depression in parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(5), 533–543. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Blanchard, J. J., Squires, D., Henry, T., Horan, W. P., & Bustillo, J. (1999). Examining an affect regulation model of substance abuse in schizophrenia: The role of traits and coping. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 187(2), 72–79. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., & Jackson, W. J. S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 151–165. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Newbury Park: Sage. Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. (2001). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications and programming. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
• Calcaterra, S. L., Beaty, B., Mueller, S. R., Min, S. J., & Binswanger, I. A. (2014). The association between social stressors and drug use/hazardous drinking among former prison inmates. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 47(1), 41–49. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Cao, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Association between social support and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder: The mediating role of resilience. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4, 1–13. Google Scholar
• Cappellen, P. V., Rice, E. L., Catalino, L. I., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017). Positive affective processes underlie positive health behaviour change. Psychology & Health, 33(1), 1–21. Google Scholar
• Carle, A. C., & Chassin, L. (2004). Resilience in a community sample of children of alcoholics: Its prevalence and relation to internalizing symptomatology and positive affect. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 577–595. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Carrico, A. W., Woods, W. J., Siever, M. D., Discepola, M. V., Dilworth, S. E., Neilands, T. B., Miller, N., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2013). Positive affect and processes of recovery among treatment-seeking methamphetamine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(3), 624–629. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Catalano, D., Chan, F., Wilson, L., Chiu, C. Y., & Muller, V. R. (2011). The buffering effect of resilience on depression among individuals with spinal cord injury: A structural equation model. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56(3), 200–211. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chie, Q. T., Tam, C. L., Bonn, G., Wong, C. P., Dang, H. M., & Khairuddin, R. (2015). Drug abuse, relapse, and prevention education in Malaysia: Perspective of university students through a mixed methods approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 65. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., & Marti, C. N. (2016). Older marijuana users: Life stressors and perceived social support. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 56–63. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, S. , & Syme, S. L. . (1985). Issues in the study and application of social support. Social support and health (pp.3–22). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
• Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 307–357. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cutrona, C., Russell, D., & Rose, J. (1986). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychology and Aging, 1(1), 47–54. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davey, A., Bouman, W. P., Arcelus, J., & Meyer, C. (2014). Social support and psychological well-being in gender dysphoria: A comparison of patients with matched controls. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(12), 2976–2985. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deaux, K., & LaFrance, M. (1998). Gender. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 788–827). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar
• Diaz, T., & Bui, N. H. (2017). Subjective well-being in Mexican and Mexican American women: The role of acculturation, ethnic identity, gender roles, and perceived social support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(2), 1–18. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodge, K., & Potocky, M. (2000). Female substance abuse characteristics and correlates in a sample of inpatient clients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(1), 59–64. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunne, E. M., Senn, T. E., Carey, K. B., & Carey, M. P. (2018). Factors related to life satisfaction among urban African American adults receiving care at a publicly-funded sexual health clinic. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23(3), 360–368. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Espelage, D. L., Low, S., & De La Rue, L. (2012). Relations between peer victimization subtypes, family violence, and psychological outcomes during early adolescence. Psychology of Violence, 2(4), 313–324.
• Exenberger, S., & Juen, B. (2014). Social indicators and the concepts of quality of life, subjective well-being, and resilience: Well-being, resilience and quality of life from children’s perspectives. Berlin: Springer Netherlands. BookGoogle Scholar
• Extremera, N., & Rey, L. (2016). Ability emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: Positive and negative affect as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 98–101. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Fergusson, D., & Horwood, L. (2003). Resilience to Childhood Adversity: Results of a 21-Year Study. In S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities (pp. 130–155). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fergusson, D. M., Mcleod, G. F. H., Horwood, L. J., Swain, N. R., Chapple, S., & Poulton, R. (2015). Life satisfaction and mental health problems (18 to 35 years). Psychological Medicine, 45(11), 2427–2436. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer, C. (1982). To dwell among friends: Personal networks in town and city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychology, 55(6), 647–654. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• French, M. T., Mcgeary, K. A., Chitwood, D. D., & Mccoy, C. B. (2000). Chronic illicit drug use, health services utilization and the cost of medical care. Social Science & Medicine, 50(12), 1703–1713. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97–111. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heeks, R., & Ospina, A. V. (2018). Conceptualising the link between information systems and resilience: A developing country field study. Information Systems Journal, 29, 70–96. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Helgeson, V. S., & Cohen, S. (1996). Social support and adjustment to cancer: Reconciling descriptive, correlational, and intervention research. Health Psychology, 15(2), 135–148. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2013). Developmental impacts of child abuse and neglect related to adult mental health, substance use, and physical health. Journal of Family Violence, 28(2), 191–199. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch, B. J. (1979). Psychological dimensions of social networks: A multimethod analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 7(3), 263–277. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
• Horton, T. V., & Wallander, J. L. (2001). Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(4), 382–399. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Howard, Siobhán, Creaven, A. M., Hughes, B. M., O’Leary, Eanna D., & James, J. E. (2017). Perceived social support predicts lower cardiovascular reactivity to stress in older adults. Biological Psychology, 125, 70–75.
• Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Jaffar, A., Aqeel, M., Abbas, J., Shaher, B., Aman, J., Sundas, J., et al. (2019). The moderating role of social support for marital adjustment, depression, anxiety, and stress: Evidence from Pakistani working and nonworking women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 244, 231–238. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Jayawickreme, E., Tsukayama, E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2017). Examining the effect of affect on life satisfaction judgments: A within-person perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 68, 32–37. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Jiang, Z., Wang, Z., Jing, X., Wallace, R., Jiang, X., & Kim, D. S. (2017). Core self-evaluation: Linking career social support to life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 128–135. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, B. (2013). Addiction and will. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 545. PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Kamarck, T. W., Manuck, S. B., & Jennings, J. (1990). Social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: A laboratory model. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 42–58. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kong, F., Gong, X., Sajjad, S., Yang, K., & Zhao, J. (2019). How is emotional intelligence linked to life satisfaction? The mediating role of social support, positive affect and negative affect. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(8), 2733–2745. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Kong, F., Ma, X., You, X., & Xiang, Y. (2018). The resilient brain: Psychological resilience mediates the effect of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in orbitofrontal cortex on subjective well-being in young healthy adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(7), 755–763. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 151–161. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Koydemir, S., Şimşek, O. K., Schütz, A., & Tipandjan, A. S. (2013). Differences in how trait emotional intelligence predicts life satisfaction: The role of affect balance versus social support in India and Germany. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 51–66. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 66–75. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laudet, A. B., Cleland, C. M., Magura, S., Vogel, H. S., & Knight, E. L. (2004). Social support mediates the effects of dual-focus mutual aid groups on abstinence from substance use. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(3–4), 175–185. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Lepore, S. J. (2001). A social–cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer. In A. Baum & B. L. Andersen (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for cancer (pp. 99–116). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ChapterGoogle Scholar
• Lightsey, O. R., Gharghani, G. G., Katz, A. M., McKinney, V. A., & Benja, E. (2013). Positive automatic cognitions mediate the relationship between personality and trait positive affect. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 115–134. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Lin, N. (1986). Conceptualizing social support. In N. Lin, A. Dean, & W. M. Ensel (Eds.), Social support, life events, and depression (pp. 17–30). Orlando: Academic Press. ChapterGoogle Scholar
• Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Liu, L., Pang, R., Sun, W., Wu, M., & Wang, L. (2013a). Functional social support, psychological capital, and depressive and anxiety symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS employed full-time. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 324. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y., Wang, Z. H., & Li, Z. G. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 833–838. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y., Wang, Z., & Lü, W. (2013b). Resilience and affect balance as mediators between trait emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 850–855. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Luthar, S. S., & Ciciolla, L. (2015). Who mothers mommy? Factors that contribute to mothers’ well-being. Developmental Psychology, 51(12), 1812–1823. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Mak, W. W., Ng, I. S., & Wong, C. C. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610–617. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425–444. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Masten, A. S., & Garmezy, N. (1985). Risk, vulnerability, and protective factors in developmental psychopathology. In Advances in clinical child psychology (pp. 1–52). Boston: Springer. Google Scholar
• Matud, M. P., Bethencourt, J. M., & Ibáñez, I. (2014). Relevance of gender roles in life satisfaction in adult people. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 206–211. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2013). Self-esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents – gender and age as potential moderators. Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2921–2928. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moos, R. H. (2007). Theory-based processes that promote the remission of substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(5), 537–551. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ni, M. Y., Li, T. K., Nancy, X. Y., Pang, H., Chan, B. H., Leung, G. M., & Stewart, S. M. (2016). Normative data and psychometric properties of the Connor–Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) and the abbreviated version (CD-RISC 2) among the general population in Hong Kong. Quality of Life Research, 25(1), 111–116. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69–78. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Olson, D. A., & Shultz, K. S. (1994). Gender differences in the dimensionality of social support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1221–1232. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• O’Rourke, H. P., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2015). When the test of mediation is more powerful than the test of the total effect. Behavior Research Methods, 47(2), 424–442. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• OrtízGómez, L. D., LópezCanul, B., & Arankowskysandoval, G. (2014). Factors associated with depression and suicide attempts in patients undergoing rehabilitation for substance abuse. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 10–14. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Paakkari, L., Torppa, M., Välimaa, R., Villberg, J., Ojala, K., & Tynjälä, J. (2019). Health asset profiles and health indicators among 13- and 15-year-old adolescents. International Journal of Public Health, 64(7), 1201–1311. Google Scholar
• Park, T. W., Cheng, D. M., Lloyd-Travaglini, C. A., Bernstein, J., Palfai, T. P., & Saitz, R. (2015). Changes in health outcomes as a function of abstinence and reduction in illicit psychoactive drug use: A prospective study in primary care. Addiction, 110(9), 1476–1483. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Person, B., Bartholomew, L. K., Addiss, D., & Borne, B. V. D. (2007). Disrupted social connectedness among Dominican women with chronic filarial lymphedema. Patient Education and Counseling, 68(3), 279–286. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pilcher, J. J., & Bryant, S. A. (2016). Implications of social support as a self-control resource. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 228. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Proctor, C. L., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2009). Youth life satisfaction: A review of the literature. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 583–630. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Ramírez-Maestre, C., Martínez, A. E. L., & Zarazaga, R. E. (2004). Personality characteristics as differential variables of the pain experience. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 147–165. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longabaugh, R., Wirtz, P. W., Zywiak, W. H., & O'malley, S. S. (2010). Network support as a prognostic indicator of drinking outcomes: The combine study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs, 71(6), 837–846. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Rzeszutek, M. (2017). Social support and posttraumatic growth in a longitudinal study of people living with HIV: The mediating role of positive affect. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1412225. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmon, M. M., Joseph, B. M., Saylor, C., & Mann, R. J. (2000). Women’s perception of provider, social, and program support in an outpatient drug treatment program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19(3), 239–246. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salimi, A. (2011). Social-emotional loneliness and life satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 292–295. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Schultz, D., Tharp-Taylor, S., Haviland, A., & Jaycox, L. (2009). The relationship between protective factors and outcomes for children investigated for maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(10), 684–698. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Sheridan, M. A., Sherman, M. L., Pierce, T., & Compas, B. E. (2010). Social support, social constraint, and affect in spouses of women with breast cancer: The role of cognitive processing. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(1), 5–22. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117(2), 561–576. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh, & Yu, X. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Connor–Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) in a sample of Indian students. Journal of Psychology, 1, 23–30. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Stokes, J. P., & Wilson, D. G. (1984). The inventory of socially supportive behaviors: Dimensionality, prediction, and gender differences. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12(1), 53–69. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stroebe, W., Stroebe, M., Abakoumkin, G., & Schut, H. (1996). The role of loneliness and social support in adjustment to loss: A test of attachment versus stress theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 20, 1241–1249. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Taylor, A. B., Mackinnon, D. P., & Tein, J. Y. (2015). Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 241–269. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Tian, Q. (2016). Intergeneration social support affects the subjective well-being of the elderly: Mediator roles of self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1137–1144. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320–333. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Barrett, L. F. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1161–1190. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Tu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2016). Self-control as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among the Chinese elderly. Social Indicators Research, 126(2), 813–828. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Uchino, B. N., Carlisle, M., Birmingham, W., & Vaughn, A. A. (2011). Social support and the reactivity hypothesis: Conceptual issues in examining the efficacy of received support during acute psychological stress. Biological Psychology, 86, 137–142. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uehara, E. S. (1995). Reciprocity reconsidered: Gouldner’s moral norm of reciprocity and social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12, 482–502. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Urberg, K., Goldstein, M. S., & Toro, P. A. (2005). Supportive relationships as a moderator of the effects of parent and peer drinking on adolescent drinking. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(1), 1–19. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Z., Li, C., & Li, X. (2017). Resilience, leadership and work engagement: The mediating role of positive affect. Social Indicators Research, 132(2), 699–708. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Warren, J. I., Stein, J. A., & Grella, C. E. (2007). Role of social support and self-efficacy in treatment outcomes among clients with co-occurring disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(2–3), 267–274. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wesley, K. M., Zelikovsky, N., & Schwartz, L. A. (2013). Physical symptoms, perceived social support, and affect in adolescents with cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 31(4), 451–467. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social behavior, 27, 78–89. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilcox, B. L. (1981). Social support, life stress, and psychological adjustment: A test of the buffering hypothesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(4), 371–386. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wingo, A. P., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2014). Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 51, 93–99. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Sullivan, D. R., Amstadter, A. B., Mitchell, K. S., Goldberg, J., & Magruder, K. M. (2017). A classical twin study of PTSD symptoms and resilience: Evidence for a single spectrum of vulnerability to traumatic stress. Depression & Anxiety, 35(2), 132–139. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Worthington, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385–405. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Xia, M., & Yang, C. (2019). The relationship among social support, self-esteem, affect balance and loneliness in individuals with substance use disorders in China. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(5), 1269–1281. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, C., Xia, M., Han, M., & Liang, Y. (2018). Social support and resilience as mediators between stress and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 436. ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
• Young, K. W. (2006). Social support and life satisfaction. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 10, 155–164. Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, L., & Feng, D. (2018). Prevalence of psychological distress and the effects of resilience and perceived social support among Chinese college students: Does gender make a difference? Psychiatry Research, 267, 409–413. ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, R. P. (2016). Positive affect and self-efficacy as mediators between personality and life satisfaction in Chinese college freshmen. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(5), 2007–2021. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Zhu, H. (2015). Social support and affect balance mediate the association between forgiveness and life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 124(2), 671–681. ArticleGoogle Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–52. ArticleGoogle Scholar

Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by Research fund for philosophy and social science of universities in Jiangsu province (2017SJB1800).